A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Fifth-generation (5G) networks offer high-speed data transmission with low latency, increased base station volume, improved quality of service (QoS), and massive multiple-input-multiple-output (M-MIMO) channels compared to 4G long-term evolution (LTE) networks. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the achievement of mobility and handover (HO) in 5G networks due to significant changes in intelligent devices and high-definition (HD) multimedia applications. Consequently, the current cellular network faces challenges in propagating high-capacity data with improved speed, QoS, latency, and efficient HO and mobility management. This comprehensive survey paper specifically focuses on HO and mobility management issues within 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The paper thoroughly examines the existing literature and investigates key performance indicators (KPIs) and solutions for HO and mobility-related challenges while considering applied standards. Additionally, it evaluates the performance of current models in addressing HO and mobility management issues, taking into account factors such as energy efficiency, reliability, latency, and scalability. Finally, this paper identifies significant challenges associated with HO and mobility management in existing research models and provides detailed evaluations of their solutions along with recommendations for future research.

Investigating the effect of multimedia education based on the health belief model in preventing COVID-19 in pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are considered one of the high-risk groups during the COVID-19 pandemic, so paying attention to preventive behaviors among them is highly important. This study aimed to examine the effect of multimedia education based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in preventing COVID-19 among pregnant women. METHODS: This quasi-experimental intervention study was conducted on 120 pregnant women referring to Comprehensive Health Services Centers affiliated with East and West health centres of Ahvaz city, Iran, in 2021. Participants were divided into two control (n = 60) and intervention (n = 60) groups. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The intervention group was given the required educational content using social networks virtually and multimedia in 12 sessions. Both groups were reinvestigated after two months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24, independent t-test and paired t-test tests. RESULTS: The mean age and mean gestational age of participants were estimated at 28 years old and 18 weeks, respectively. Before the educational intervention, there was no significant difference in mean constructs of HBM. In contrast, the mean of all constructs increased significantly in the intervention group after intervention. The greatest change was related to the constructs of self-efficacy and perceived susceptibility, and the lowest change was related to the perceived barriers construct. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest multimedia education using the HBM to COVID-19 preventive behaviors among pregnant women can benefit behavior change.

An investigation into the relationship between multimedia lecture design and learners' engagement behaviours using web log analysis.

The purpose of this transaction log analysis was to evaluate university students' engagement behaviours with a catalogue of multimedia lectures. These lectures incorporated selected instructional design principles from the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML). Specifically, thirty-two multimedia lectures which differentially employed the signalling, segmenting and embodiment principles from the CTML were delivered to a cohort of 92 students throughout an academic trimester. Engagement with each multimedia lecture was measured in three domains: affective engagement was measured using a Likert-style survey that accompanied each multimedia lecture; behavioural engagement was measured using the web logs provided by YouTube Studio analytics (average watch time); cognitive engagement was measured using students' average score on a quiz that accompanied each multimedia lecture. Separate multiple linear regression analyses for measures of affective, behavioural and cognitive engagement revealed that multimedia lectures that 'stacked' the instructional design principles of embodiment (whereby the lecture was interspersed with clips of an enthusiastic onscreen instructor), segmenting (where lectures were divided into shorter, user-paced segments) and signalling (where onscreen labels highlighted important material) increased measures of engagement, including overall watch time, number of survey submission and number of quiz attempts (P < 0.05). There was no association between any of the tested principles and students' quiz scores or their responses on the Likert-style survey. This study adds to the available literature demonstrating the effectiveness of the signalling, segmenting and embodiment principles for increasing learner engagement with multimedia lectures.

Big Data-Artificial Intelligence Fusion Technology in Education in the Context of the New Crown Epidemic.

This article presents an in-depth study and analysis of the application of big data-artificial intelligence fusion technology to the field of education in the context of the New Crown epidemic. Since the outbreak of the New Crown epidemic, there is a need to understand the channels for solving the demands of productive life during the epidemic, and the main way to solve these problems is to apply the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence. Therefore, exploring the application of big data-artificial intelligence fusion technology in education in the context of the New Crest pneumonia epidemic is a top priority for reform and development nowadays. This study uses the paradigm narrow shift analysis framework to verify whether Computer Aided Instructional design, multimedia instructional design, and informational instructional design produce migration. For the intelligent stage of instructional design, the inevitability of the change in basic assumptions of instructional design in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) is first explained in terms of the opportunities brought by AI to education and teaching, the problems of the original information-based instructional design itself, and the many challenges it faces. On this basis, we also use the change in basic assumptions analysis framework to explain the content of intelligent instructional design by using the four elements of beliefs, values, symbols, and paradigms promised by the members of the community, verify that it has shifted, and build a change in the basic assumptions model from multimedia instructional design to information-based instructional design to intelligent instructional design. The article gives three countermeasures to solve the problem, that is, raising awareness, improving the plan, and strengthening the drill. To ensure the smooth implementation of the emergency management of national covid control program (NCCP), higher education institutions should further strengthen the construction efforts of specialized psychological counseling teams, build an early warning mechanism for psychological problems of the NCCP epidemic in higher education institutions, and a multilevel supervision system.

United States lung cancer screening program websites: radiology representation, multimedia and multilingual content.

PURPOSE: To assess radiology representation, multimedia content, and multilingual content of United States lung cancer screening (LCS) program websites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified the websites of US LCS programs with the Google internet search engine using the search terms lung cancer screening, low-dose CT screening, and lung screening. We used a standardized checklist to assess and collect specific content, including information regarding LCS staff composition and references to radiologists and radiology. We also tabulated types and frequencies of included multimedia and multilingual content and patient narratives. RESULTS: We analyzed 257 unique websites. Of these, only 48% (124 of 257) referred to radiologists or radiology in text, images, or videos. Radiologists were featured in images or videos on only 14% (36 of 257) of websites. Radiologists were most frequently acknowledged for their roles in reading or interpreting imaging studies (35% [90 of 574]). Regarding multimedia content, only 36% (92 of 257) of websites had 1 image, 27% (70 of 257) included 2 or more images, and 26% (68 of 257) of websites included one or more videos. Only 3% (7 of 257) of websites included information in a language other than English. Patient narratives were found on only 15% (39 of 257) of websites. CONCLUSIONS: The field of Radiology is mentioned in text, images, or videos by less than half of LCS program websites. Most websites make only minimal use of multimedia content such as images, videos, and patient narratives. Few websites provide LCS information in languages other than English, potentially limiting accessibility to diverse populations.

Effects of a multimedia campaign on HIV self-testing and PrEP outcomes among young people in South Africa: a mixed-methods impact evaluation of 'MTV Shuga Down South'.

INTRODUCTION: Innovative HIV technologies can help to reduce HIV incidence, yet uptake of such tools is relatively low among young people. To create awareness and demand among adolescents and young adults, a new campaign of the pan-African MTV Shuga series ('Down South 2'; DS2), featured storylines and messages about HIV self-testing (HIVST) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) through television, radio and accompanying multimedia activities in 2019-2020. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the new MTV Shuga series among 15-24 years old in Eastern Cape, South Africa, in 2020. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to investigate complementary evaluations questions, namely, whether and how the DS2 campaign works. A web-based survey, promoted via social media platforms of schools, universities and communities, assessed exposure to MTV Shuga and knowledge of HIV status; secondary outcomes included awareness and uptake of HIVST and PrEP. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations between exposure to DS2 and each outcome, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, media assets and exposure to other media campaigns. An embedded qualitative evaluation explored mechanisms of DS2's impact through deductive and inductive thematic analysis of in-depth individual and group interviews. RESULTS: Among 3431 online survey participants, 43% had engaged with MTV Shuga and 24% with DS2 specifically. Knowledge of HIV status was higher among those exposed to DS2 (71%) vs those who were not (39%; adjusted OR=2.26 (95% CI 1.78 to 2.87)). Exposure was also associated with increased awareness of HIVST (60% vs 28%; aOR=1.99 (1.61 to 2.47)) and use of HIVST (29% vs 10%; aOR=2.49 (1.95 to 3.19)). One-third of respondents were aware of PrEP, with higher proportions among those exposed versus non-exposed to DS2 (52% vs 27%; aOR=1.90 (1.53 to 2.35)). Qualitative insights identified mechanisms by which DS2 increased awareness, confidence and motivation to use HIVST and PrEP, but had less influence on service access. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence consistent with a positive causal impact of the MTV Shuga DS2 campaign on HIV prevention outcomes among young people in a high-prevalence setting. As diverse testing and PrEP technologies become accessible, an immersive edutainment campaign can help to expand HIV prevention choices and close age and gender gaps in HIV testing and prevention goals.

Virtual national workshop: preparation of multimedia modules for physical education teachers in accordance with COVID-19 prevention procedures.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in the school learning system. Face-to-face learning shifted to remote learning using multimedia approaches. Online learning created particular difficulties for Physical Education (PE) teachers. Previously, they had to be role models in the teaching of physical activity. A national virtual workshop was conducted to support those teachers as they shift to remote learning. The purpose of the workshop was to provide PE instruction through social media and develop online learning modules. The 3 days of activities consisted of 4 lectures and 6 workshops provided to 177 PE teachers from 32 provinces in Indonesia. Participants were informed about the COVID-19 pandemic, its impact on children, and healthy life during the pandemic. Online applications that were free of charge, easy to use, highly rated, and widely downloaded were also introduced to them. These multimedia applications could help teachers develop and deliver remote learning modules to their students. The workshop supported the teachers as they adapted to interactive distance learning. The workshop also successfully illustrates an innovative distance learning module delivered through multimedia.

The effect of online multimedia psychoeducational interventions on the resilience and perceived stress of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pilot cluster randomized parallel-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence suggesting that quarantine might have undesirable psychological impacts on the patients. Therefore, it is important to seek for ways to increase the resilience and alleviate the psychological pressure of the patients who are quarantined due to infection with COVID-19. The present study was conducted to assess an online multimedia psychoeducational intervention regarding the feasibility, adherence, patient satisfaction and effectiveness on resilience and perceived stress of patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. METHOD: This was a pilot cluster randomized parallel-controlled trial with hospital wards as the units of randomization. Participants in this fully online trial were 50 consecutive patients who were hospitalized in 2 hospitals in Shiraz, after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Before the beginning of the intervention, four inpatient wards inside two of the hospitals were randomly assigned to either intervention or control conditions. All eligible participants in the wards allocated to the intervention condition received online multimedia psychoeducational interventions during the 2 weeks, whilst the patients in the wards allocated to the control condition were offered the opportunity to receive telephone-based psychological counseling if needed. Psychoeducational interventions mainly included cognitive-behavioural techniques, stress management techniques, mindfulness-based stress reduction and positive psychotherapy. The patients were assessed regarding resilience and perceived stress at baseline and after two weeks. RESULTS: Of 27 patients starting multimedia psychoeducational interventions, 26 (96.29%) completed post-assessments. A high level of adherence (80.76%) and satisfaction (Mean = 29.42; SD = 4.18) with the online multimedia psychoeducational interventions was found. Compared with the control group, the patients who used online multimedia psychoeducational interventions reported greater resilience (Meanintervention = 81.74; Meancontrol = 72.86; adjusted t (46) = 2.10; p = 0.04; CI: 0.39 to 17.38; dppc2 = 0.83) and fewer perceived stress (Meanintervention = 22.15; Meancontrol = 29.45; adjusted t (46) = 2.66; p = 0.01; CI: - 12.81 to - 1.78; dppc2 = - 0.77) after 2 weeks. DISCUSSION: The findings of the present study provided a successful first attempt at implementing feasible online multimedia psychoeducational interventions to promote resilience and mitigate stress among the patients who were hospitalized due to infection with COVID-19. The present results could help mental health professionals to determine which psychological techniques should be emphasized to promote patients' resilience in the context of COVID-19 disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20201001048893N1 . Retrospectively registered, 29 Jan 2021.